This is a table of Swadesh lists for Tungusic languages. Iroquoian languages are also given for comparative purposes.
- Oroqen — northeast China and inner mongolia
- Manchu — northeast China
- Evenki — Siberia
- Even - Siberia
Note: Additional vocabulary words have been added after word No. 207 ("name"), since the original lengths of Swadesh lists are either 100 or 207 words.
No | English | Oroqen (IPA) |
Manchu (MT) |
Evenki | Even |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I | bi: | bi | би | өмэн |
2 | you (sing.) | ʃi: | si | ilel | чай |
3 | he | tarɪ, nɔ:nin | i, tere | хагд | то |
4 | we | bu:, mir | be, muse | ||
5 | you (plural) | ʃu | suwe | ||
6 | they | nɔ:tɪn | ce, tese | ||
7 | this | əri | ere | ||
8 | that | tarɪ | tere | ||
9 | here | ədu | uba | ||
10 | there | tadu | tuba | ||
11 | who | ni: | we | ||
12 | what | ikun | ai | ||
13 | where | ilə, idu | yabade, aibide | ||
14 | when | alɪ | atanggi | ||
15 | how | ɔ:n | absi, adarame | ||
16 | not | ə- | waka, akū | ||
17 | all | banbʊr ɔ:rin |
eiten gemu | ||
18 | many | bara:n | labdu geren | ||
19 | some | adɪ: | ememu ududu | ||
20 | few | atʃʊkʊn | komso | ||
21 | other | oŋtu | gūwa | ||
22 | one | umun | emu | ||
23 | two | dʒu:r | juwe | ||
24 | three | ɪlan | ilan | ||
25 | four | diyin | duin | ||
26 | five | tʊŋŋa | sunja | ||
27 | big | əgdiŋə | amba | ||
28 | long | ŋʊnʊm | golmin | ||
29 | wide | əŋŋəl, aɣum, awam | onco, letehun, leli | ||
30 | thick | dɪram | jiramin | ||
31 | heavy | urgə | ujen | ||
32 | small | nitʃukun | ajige | ||
33 | short | nəktəkun, wurumkun | foholon (of length) fangkala (of height) | ||
34 | narrow | ʃiləmkun | hafirahūn, is'heliyen | ||
35 | thin | nəmkun | nekeliyen | ||
36 | woman | aʃɪ | hehe | ||
37 | man (male) | ɲɪray | haha | ||
38 | man (human being) | bəyə | niyalma | ||
39 | child | kɔ:kan | jui | ||
40 | wife | atɪrkan | sargan | ||
41 | husband | ətirkən | eigen | ||
42 | mother | ənin | eme, eniye | ||
43 | father | amɪn | ama | ||
44 | animal | bəyiŋə | aššara jaka, ergengge (living things) | ||
45 | fish | ɔlɔ | nimaha | ||
46 | bird | tʃinəkə | gas'ha ('large bird, fowl') cecike ('small bird, songbird') | ||
47 | dog | ŋanakin | indahūn | ||
48 | louse | kuŋkə: | cihe | ||
49 | snake | kʊlɪn | meihe | ||
50 | worm | kʊlikan | umiyaha | ||
51 | tree | mɔ: | moo, hailan | ||
52 | forest | mɔ:ʃa | bujan, weji | ||
53 | stick | lata | mukšan | ||
54 | fruit | tubiɣə | tubihe | ||
55 | seed | urə | use | ||
56 | leaf | abdana | abdaha | ||
57 | root | təkən | fulehe, da | ||
58 | bark | kə:rə, talu | notho | ||
59 | flower | ɪlga, ɲandʒa | ilha | ||
60 | grass | ɔrɔktɔ | orho | ||
61 | rope | uʃikən, ʊrkʊn | futa | ||
62 | skin | nana, ilə | sukū | ||
63 | meat | ulə | yali | ||
64 | blood | ʃə:kʃə | senggi | ||
65 | bone | gɪramna | giranggi | ||
66 | fat (noun) | imukʃə | tarhūn | ||
67 | egg | ʊmʊkta | umhan | ||
68 | horn | i:gə | uihe | ||
69 | tail | irgi | uncehen | ||
70 | feather | ʃuptʃu | dethe, funggala | ||
71 | hair | ɲuriktə | funiyehe | ||
72 | head | dɪl | uju | ||
73 | ear | ʃɛ:n | šan | ||
74 | eye | yɛ:ʃa | yasa | ||
75 | nose | ɔŋɔktɔ | oforo | ||
76 | mouth | amŋa | angga | ||
77 | tooth | iktə | weihe | ||
78 | tongue | iŋi | ilenggu | ||
79 | fingernail | ʊʃɪkta | hitahūn | ||
80 | foot | algan | bethe | ||
81 | leg | algan | bethe | ||
82 | knee | əŋŋən | tobgiya | ||
83 | hand | ŋa:la | gala, falanggū (palm of the hand) | ||
84 | wing | dəktilə, aʃakɪ: | as'ha | ||
85 | belly | gudə: | hefeli | ||
86 | guts | ʃɪlʊkta | duha | ||
87 | neck | nɪkɪmna | monggon, gen | ||
88 | back | ʃɔgdɔnɔ | fisa | ||
89 | breast | ukun | tunggen (chest) huhun (breasts) | ||
90 | heart | mɛɣan | niyaman | ||
91 | liver | a:kin | fahūn | ||
92 | to drink | um- | omi- | ||
93 | to eat | dʒəb- | je-/jefu ('eat!') | ||
94 | to bite | kɪk- | sai- | ||
95 | to suck | lʊpkʊ- | goci- | ||
96 | to spit | tə: | cifele- | ||
97 | to vomit | iʃə- | fuyakiya-, oksi-, juru- | ||
98 | to blow | u:- | fulgiye- | ||
99 | to breathe | əri:- | ergen gai- | ||
100 | to laugh | iɲə- | inje- | ||
101 | to see | itʃə- | sabu- | ||
103 | to hear | dɔ:ldi- | donji- | ||
104 | to know | ʃa:- | sa- | ||
106 | to think | bɔdɔ- | gūni-, bodo- | ||
105 | to smell | ŋɔkɔ- | wangkiya- | ||
102 | to fear | gele- olho- golo- | |||
107 | to sleep | a:ʃɪn- | amga- šabura- | ||
108 | to live | i:nikin | banji- | ||
109 | to die | bu- | buce- | ||
110 | to kill | wa:- | wa- | ||
111 | to fight | wa:ldɪ- | afa- | ||
112 | to hunt | bəyu:- | abala- | ||
113 | to hit | mʊnda:- | tanta- | ||
114 | to cut | dʒig- | faita- furu- | ||
115 | to split | i:wə:- | delhebu- dendebu- | ||
116 | to stab | gɪdala:- | toko- gidala- (with a spear) huwesile- (with a dagger) | ||
117 | to scratch | ʊkɪ:- | waša- wasihala- | ||
118 | to dig | ulə:- | fete- | ||
119 | to swim | əlbi- | ebiše- muke selbi- | ||
120 | to fly | dəyli- dəg- |
deye- | ||
121 | to walk | girani- | okso- yabu- | ||
122 | to come | əmə- | ji- | ||
123 | to lie | ulə:- | dedu- | ||
124 | to sit | tə: | te- | ||
125 | to stand | ɪlɪ- | ili- | ||
126 | to turn | ukukin- | forgošo- | ||
127 | to fall | tik- | tuhe- | ||
128 | to give | bu:- | bu- | ||
129 | to hold | dʒɔ:tʃa- | jafa- | ||
130 | to squeeze | ʃir- | hafita- | ||
131 | to rub | iki- | monji-, monjira- | ||
132 | to wash | ʃɪlkɪ- | obo- | ||
133 | to wipe | awʊ- | fu- (loanword from Chinese?) mabula- | ||
134 | to pull | ta:n- | tata- | ||
135 | to push | ana- | ana- | ||
136 | to throw | garʊnda:- | makta- waliyabu- | ||
137 | to tie | u:yi-, ərkə- | huthu- hūwaita- | ||
138 | to sew | uli:- | ufi- | ||
139 | to count | taŋ- | tolo- | ||
140 | to say | un-, gun- | hendu- gisure- se- | ||
141 | to sing | dʒa:nda- | ucule- | ||
142 | to play | əwi- | efi- | ||
143 | to float | kəpə:n- | dekde- | ||
144 | to flow | əyə:- | eye- | ||
145 | to freeze | dɔŋɔtɔ- | gece- juhe jafa- | ||
146 | to swell | awul | aibi- dukdure- | ||
147 | sun | dɪlatʃa, ʃiwun | šun | ||
148 | moon | bɛga | biya | ||
149 | star | ɔʃɪkta | usiha | ||
150 | water | mu: | muke | ||
151 | rain | tigdə | aga | ||
152 | river | bira | bira ula | ||
153 | lake | amʊdʒi | omo tenggin noor | ||
154 | sea | dalay | mederi namu | ||
155 | salt | dɔ:sun, katagan | dabsun | ||
156 | stone | dʒɔlɔ | wehe | ||
157 | sand | ʃirgi | yonggan | ||
158 | dust | tɔ:rag | buraki | ||
159 | earth | tʊkala | na | ||
160 | cloud | tukʃu | tugi | ||
161 | fog | tamna | talman | ||
162 | sky | bʊwa | abka | ||
163 | wind | ədin | edun | ||
164 | snow | ɪmana | nimanggi | ||
165 | ice | umukʃu | juhe | ||
166 | smoke | ʃaŋŋan | šanggiyan | ||
167 | fire | tɔɣɔ | tuwa | ||
168 | ash | uləptən | fulenggi | ||
169 | to burn (v.i.) | dalga- | deiji- | ||
170 | road | ɔktɔ | jugūn | ||
171 | mountain | urə | alin | ||
172 | red | ʊla:rɪn | fulgiyan | ||
173 | green | tʃuturin | niowanggiyan | ||
174 | yellow | ʃɪŋarɪn | suwayan | ||
175 | white | bagdarɪn | šanyan | ||
176 | black | kɔŋnɔrɪn | sahaliyan | ||
177 | night | dɔlbɔ | dobori | ||
178 | day | inəŋ | inenggi | ||
179 | year | aŋŋanɪ | aniya | ||
180 | warm | ɲama | bulukan, halukan | ||
181 | cold | iŋin | šahūrun | ||
182 | full | dʒalʊm | jaluka | ||
183 | new | irkəkin | ice | ||
184 | old | ʃagdɪ | fe, sakda | ||
185 | good | aya | sain | ||
186 | bad | əru | ehe | ||
187 | rotten | nukuntʃa | niyaha, ibtenehe | ||
188 | dirty | bʊdʒar | nantuhūn langse | ||
189 | straight | tʃitʃur | sijirhūn | ||
190 | round | boŋbəlin | muheliyen | ||
191 | sharp | əmər | dacun, šulihun, šolonggo | ||
192 | dull | mampa | modo | ||
193 | smooth | burtʃurin | necin, bišun | ||
194 | wet | wʊlapkʊn | derbehun, usihin | ||
195 | dry | ɔlgɔkin, iləŋ | olhon | ||
196 | correct | tədʒə: | acanaha, tob giyangga | ||
197 | near | daga | hanci, hamika | ||
198 | far | gɔrɔ | goro | ||
199 | right | a:n | ici | ||
200 | left | dʒəyin | has'hū | ||
201 | at | -de | |||
202 | because | dʒa:lin | ...jalin (+ de), ...be dahame, ...turgunde, adarame seci, ... | ||
203 | in | dolo | |||
204 | with | ...i emgi, ...i sasa | |||
205 | if | aika, aikabade | |||
206 | and | jai | |||
207 | name | gərbi | gebu |
Sources[]
- Li, Fengxiang and Lindsay J. Whaley. 2009. "Oroqen vocabulary" In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) World Loanword Database. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, 1138 entries. http://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/20
- Roth Li, Gertraude. Manchu: a Textbook for Reading Documents. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2000.
- Manchu-Chinese-English lexicon
External links[]
- Oroqen Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
- Even Language
- Evenki Language
- Siberian Tatar Language
Swadesh lists for language families and branches |
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Afro-Asiatic – Algonquian – Altaic – Araucanian – Austro-Asiatic – Australian – Austronesian – Baltic-Finnic – Celtic – Dené-Yeniseian – Dravidian – Finno-Ugric – Germanic – Hokan – Iberian – Italian – Indo-Iranian – Indo-Iranian (extended) – Mayan – Muskogean – Niger-Congo – Oto-Manguean – Mayan – Paleosiberian – Penutian – Romance – Sino-Tibetan – Slavic – Siouan – Tai-Kadai – Tibeto-Burman – Tupi-Guarani – Turkic – Uto-Aztecan |