Coarticulation in its general sense refers to the influence of a speech sound during another adjacent or nearby speech sound. There are two types of coarticulation: anticipatory coarticulation, when a feature of a speech sound is anticipated (assumed) during the production of a preceding speech sound; and carryover coarticulation, when the effects of a sound are seen during the production of sound(s) that follow. Many models have been developed to account for coarticulation. They include (the look-ahead, articulatory syllable, time-locked, coproduction, the window and articulatory phonology).
| Sound change and alternation |
|---|
|
Metathesis (reordering) Quantitative metathesis (vowel length) |
|
Lenition (weakening) Consonant gradation Consonant voicing and devoicing Assibilation L-vocalization (change of l to w) Debuccalization (loss of place) |
| Fortition (strengthening) |
|
Epenthesis (addition) Anaptyxis (vowel) Excrescence (consonant) Prosthesis (initial) Paragoge (final) Unpacking Vowel breaking (diphthongization) |
|
Elision (loss) Apheresis (initial) Syncope (medial) Apocope (final) Haplology (similar syllables) Fusion Cluster reduction |
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Cheshirisation (trace remains) |
|
Assimilation Coalescence
Coarticulation Palatalization (before front vowels) Velarization (before back vowels) Labialisation (before rounded vowels) Final devoicing (before silence) Metaphony (vowel harmony, umlaut) Consonant harmony |
| Dissimilation |
|
Sandhi (boundary change) Liaison, linking R Consonant mutation Tone sandhi Hiatus Synalepha (contraction) Elision (loss of one vowel) Crasis (writing change) Synaeresis (opposite: diaeresis) Synizesis (no writing change) |
| Rhotacism (z, d, or n → ɾ) Rhinoglottophilia (h or ʔ → Ṽ or ŋ) |
Coarticulation in phonetics refers to two different phenomena:
- the assimilation of the place of articulation of one speech sound to that of an adjacent speech sound. For example, while the sound [/n/] of English normally has an alveolar place of articulation, in the word tenth it is pronounced with a dental place of articulation because the following sound, [/θ/], is dental.
- the production of a co-articulated consonant, that is, a consonant with two simultaneous places of articulation. An example of such a sound is the voiceless labial-velar plosive [/k͡p/] found in many West African languages.
Coarticulation may also refer to the transition from one gesture to another.
References[]
- Crowley, Terry. (1997) An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
- Department of linguistics, University of kashmir , J&K India
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